ENDOG (Homo sapiens)
Description [+]
- Synonyms: ENDOG,
- Species: Metazoa;Bilateria;Deuterostoma;Chordata;Vertebrata;Mammalia;Primates;Hominidae; Homo sapiens
- Short gene description: Endonuclease G, mitochondrial Precursor (Endo G)(EC 3.1.30.-) [Source:UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot;Acc:Q14249]
- Family: other
- Process: cell death (other),
- Pathways:
- Criteria: manually curated
- Curator comment:
- Mouse ortholog(s): Endog
- WIKI: ENDOG-H_sapiens
References [+]
- Switch from caspase-dependent to caspase-independent death during heart development: essential role of endonuclease G in ischemia-induced DNA processing of differentiated cardiomyocytes.
- Bahi N, Zhang J, Llovera M, Ballester M, Comella JX, Sanchis D
- Differentiated cardiomyocytes are resistant to caspase-dependent cell death; however, the mechanisms involved are still uncertain. We previously reported that low Apaf1 expression partially accounts for cardiomyocyte resistance to apoptosis. Here, we extend the knowledge on the molecular basis of cardiac resistance to caspase activation by showing that the whole caspase-dependent pathway is silenced during heart development. Experimental ischemia triggers caspase activation in embryonic cardiomyocytes and proliferating fibroblasts, but not in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes. Ischemia induces the release of the proapoptotic factors cytochrome c, truncated-AIF, and EndoG from mitochondria in postnatal cardiomyocytes in the absence of caspase activation. On the one hand, lentiviral-driven knockdown of EndoG shows that this gene is essential for ischemia-induced DNA degradation in neonatal cardiomyocytes, but not in proliferating fibroblasts; on the other hand, the AIF gene is essential for high molecular DNA cleavage in fibroblasts, but not in postmitotic cardiomyocytes, where it plays a prosurvival role during reoxygenation. These results show the switch from caspase-dependent to caspase-independent death pathways after cardiac cell differentiation, and disclose the relevance of EndoG in the caspase-independent DNA processing of differentiated cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 11;281(32):22943-52. Epub 2006 Jun 5.
- Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria.
- Li LY, Luo X, Wang X
- Nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA is a hallmark of apoptosis (programmed cell death), and results from the activation of nucleases in cells undergoing apoptosis. One such nuclease, DNA fragmentation factor (DFF, a caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) and its inhibitor (ICAD)), is capable of inducing DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation after cleavage by caspase-3 (refs 2,3,4). However, although transgenic mice lacking DFF45 or its caspase cleavage site have significantly reduced DNA fragmentation, these mice still show residual DNA fragmentation and are phenotypically normal. Here we report the identification and characterization of another nuclease that is specifically activated by apoptotic stimuli and is able to induce nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA in fibroblast cells from embryonic mice lacking DFF. This nuclease is endonuclease G (endoG), a mitochondrion-specific nuclease that translocates to the nucleus during apoptosis. Once released from mitochondria, endoG cleaves chromatin DNA into nucleosomal fragments independently of caspases. Therefore, endoG represents a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway initiated from the mitochondria. Nature. 2001 Jul 5;412(6842):95-9.
Structure & Sequence [+]
Pfam domains:
(Pfam is a large collection of protein families.)
| Source | Domain Name | Start | End |
|---|---|---|---|
| PFAM A | Endonuclease_NS | 77 | 285 |
Protein sequence [+]
ENDOG | Homo sapiens | 9606 | length:297
MRALRAGLTLASGAGLGAVVEGWRRRREDARAAPGLLGRLPVLPVAAAAELPPVPGGPRG
PGELAKYGLPGLAQLKSRESYVLCYDPRTRGALWVVEQLRPERLRGDGDRRECDFREDDS
VHAYHRATNADYRGSGFDRGHLAAAANHRWSQKAMDDTFYLSNVAPQVPHLNQNAWNNLE
KYSRSLTRSYQNVYVCTGPLFLPRTEADGKSYVKYQVIGKNHVAVPTHFFKVLILEAAGG
QIELRTYVMPNAPVDEAIPLERFLVPIESIERASGLLFVPNILARAGSLKAITAGSK
PGELAKYGLPGLAQLKSRESYVLCYDPRTRGALWVVEQLRPERLRGDGDRRECDFREDDS
VHAYHRATNADYRGSGFDRGHLAAAANHRWSQKAMDDTFYLSNVAPQVPHLNQNAWNNLE
KYSRSLTRSYQNVYVCTGPLFLPRTEADGKSYVKYQVIGKNHVAVPTHFFKVLILEAAGG
QIELRTYVMPNAPVDEAIPLERFLVPIESIERASGLLFVPNILARAGSLKAITAGSK
Structure links:
Evolution [+]
View protein alignment and tree with Jalview:
Explore tree at phylomeDB: Click here.
Homologs list [+]
| Name | Relationship | Species |
|---|---|---|
| A_aegypti_AAEL002064-PA | orthology | Aedes |
| A_aegypti_AAEL009589-PA | orthology | Aedes |
| A_gambiae_AGAP007845-PA | orthology | Anopheles |
| ENDOG | orthology | Chicken |
| ENDOG | orthology | Chimpanzee |
| C_intestinalis_ENSCINP00000025967 | orthology | Ciona |
| NUCG_BOVIN | orthology | Cow |
| ENDOG | orthology | Dog |
| CG8862 | orthology | Fly |
| ENDOG | orthology | Fugu |
| ENDOG | orthology | Gasterosteus |
| ENDOG | orthology | Gorilla |
| ENDOG | orthology | Horse |
| ENDOG | orthology | Macaca |
| ENDOG | orthology | Medaka |
| ENDOG | orthology | Monodelphis |
| Endog | orthology | Mouse |
| ENDOG | orthology | Orangutan |
| Endog | orthology | Rat |
| ENDOG | orthology | Tetraodon |
| cps-6 | orthology | Worm |
| ENDOG | orthology | Xenopus |
| NUC1 | orthology | Yeast |
| ENDOG | orthology | Zebra finch |
| zgc:110020 | orthology | Zebrafish |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Chicken |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Chimpanzee |
| IPI00706359.2 | paralogy | Cow |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Dog |
| CG31679 | paralogy | Fly |
| CG31682 | paralogy | Fly |
| CG32463 | paralogy | Fly |
| CG33346 | paralogy | Fly |
| CG4683 | paralogy | Fly |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Gorilla |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Horse |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Human |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Lyzard |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Macaca |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Monodelphis |
| Endogl1 | paralogy | Mouse |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Orangutan |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Rabbit |
| NP_001100336.1 | paralogy | Rat |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Xenopus |
| ENDOGL1 | paralogy | Zebra finch |
| D_rerio_ENSDARP00000064831 | paralogy | Zebrafish |
| D_rerio_ENSDARP00000058599 | paralogy | Zebrafish |
| ENDOD1 (1 of 9) | paralogy | Zebrafish |
| LOC561636 | paralogy | Zebrafish |
| ENDOD1 (3 of 9) | paralogy | Zebrafish |
| Q502K1_DANRE | paralogy | Zebrafish |
| D_rerio_ENSDARP00000094652 | paralogy | Zebrafish |
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Gene Ontology [+]
| GO id | Name | Ontology type | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001701 | in utero embryonic development | biological_proccess | IEA |
| GO:0006309 | DNA fragmentation during apoptosis | biological_proccess | IEA |
| GO:0034612 | response to tumor necrosis factor | biological_proccess | IEA |
| GO:0043065 | positive regulation of apoptosis | biological_proccess | IEA |
| GO:0046677 | response to antibiotic | biological_proccess | IEA |
| GO:0000287 | magnesium ion binding | mollecular_function | IEA |
| GO:0004519 | endonuclease activity | mollecular_function | IEA |
| GO:0030145 | manganese ion binding | mollecular_function | IEA |
| GO:0003676 | nucleic acid binding | mollecular_function | IEA |
| GO:0016787 | hydrolase activity | mollecular_function | IEA |
| GO:0046872 | metal ion binding | mollecular_function | IEA |
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | cell_component | IEA |
Check GO Evidence Codes here
KEGG Pathways [+]
Curated Isoforms [+]
| Transcript | Translation |
|---|---|
| OTTHUMT00000054505 * | OTTHUMP00000022301 * |
Info from The Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database.
(*) Canonical transcript and translation forms.
Information from other databases [+]
- Gene info from HGNC [?] :3346
- Gene related info from GeneCards [?] : ENDOG
- Ensembl genome browser [?] : ENSG00000167136
- Expression info from Arrayexpress [?] : ENSG00000167136
- Protein expression from Protein Atlas: [?] ENSG00000167136
- Community gene edition from Wikigenes: [?] 2021
- OMIM gene information: 600440
- OMIM disease information:
Click on [?] for more information.
